History of St. Valentines Day in the 1800s

Commemorations of St. Valentine’s Day are rooted in the distant past. In the Middle Ages the tradition of choosing a romantic partner on that particular saints day began because it was believed that birds began mating on that day. Yet there doesnt seem to be any evidence that the historical Saint Valentine, an early Christian martyred by the Romans, had any connections to either birds or romance. In the 1800s, stories abounded that the roots of St. Valentine’s Day reached back to Rome and the festival of Lupercalia on the 15th of February, but modern scholars discount that idea. Despite the holidays mysterious and puzzling roots, it is obvious that people have observed St. Valentine’s Day for centuries. The famed London diarist Samuel Pepys mentioned observances of the day in the mid-1600s, complete with elaborate gift-giving among the wealthier members of society. The History of Valentine Cards It seems that the writing of special notes and letters for Valentine’s Day gained widespread popularity in the 1700s. At that time the romantic missives would have been handwritten, on ordinary writing paper. Papers made especially for Valentine greetings began to be marketed in the 1820s, and their use became fashionable in both Britain and the United States. In the 1840s, when postal rates in Britain became standardized, commercially produced Valentine cards began to grow in popularity. The cards were flat paper sheets, often printed with colored illustrations and embossed borders. The sheets, when folded and sealed with wax, could be mailed. The American Valentine Industry Began in New England According to legend, an English Valentine received by a woman in Massachusetts inspired the beginnings of the American Valentine industry. Esther A. Howland, a student at Mount Holyoke College in Massachusetts, began making Valentine cards after receiving a card produced by an English company. As her father was a stationer, she sold her cards in his store. The business grew, and she soon hired friends to help her make the cards. And as she attracted more business her hometown of Worcester, Massachusetts became the center of the American Valentine production. St. Valentines Day Became a Popular Holiday in America By the mid-1850s the sending of manufactured Valentine’s Day cards was popular enough that the New York Times published an editorial on February 14, 1856 sharply criticizing the practice: Our beaux and belles are satisfied with a few miserable lines, neatly written upon fine paper, or else they purchase a printed Valentine with verses ready made, some of which are costly, and many of which are cheap and indecent. In any case, whether decent or indecent, they only please the silly and give the vicious an opportunity to develop their propensities, and place them, anonymously, before the comparatively virtuous. The custom with us has no useful feature, and the sooner it is abolished the better. Despite the outrage from the editorial writer, the practice of sending Valentines continued to flourish throughout the mid-1800s. Popularity of the Valentine Card Boomed After the Civil War In the years following the Civil War, newspaper reports indicated that the practice of sending Valentines was actually growing. On February 4, 1867, the New York Times interviewed Mr. J.H. Hallett, who was identified as the â€Å"Superintendent of the Carrier Department of the City Post Office.† Mr. Hallett provided statistics which stated that in the year 1862 post offices in New York City had accepted 21,260 Valentines for delivery. The following next year showed a slight increase, but then in 1864 the number dropped to only 15,924. A huge change occurred in 1865, perhaps because the dark years of the Civil War were ending. New Yorkers mailed more than 66,000 Valentines in 1865, and more than 86,000 in 1866. The tradition of sending Valentine cards was turning into a big business. The February 1867 article in the New York Times reveals that some New Yorkers paid exorbitant prices for Valentines: It puzzles many to understand how one of these trifles can be gotten up in such shape as to make it sell for $100; but the fact is that even this figure is not by any means the limit of their price. There is a tradition that one of the Broadway dealers not many years ago disposed of no less than seven Valentines which cost $500 each, and it may be safely asserted that if any individual was so simple as to wish to expend ten times that sum upon one of these missives, some enterprising manufacturer would find a way to accommodate him. Valentine Cards Could Hold Lavish Gifts The newspaper explained that the most expensive Valentines actually held hidden treasures hidden inside the paper: Valentines of this class are not simply combinations of paper gorgeously gilded, carefully embossed and elaborately laced. To be sure they show paper lovers seated in paper grottoes, under paper roses, ambushed by paper cupids, and indulging in the luxury of paper kisses; but they also show something more attractive than these paper delights to the overjoyed receiver. Receptacles cunningly prepared may hide watches or other jewelry, and, of course, there is no limit to the lengths to which wealthy and foolish lovers may go. In the late 1860s, most Valentines were modestly priced, and targeted toward a mass audience. And many were designed for humorous effect, with caricatures of particular professions or ethnic groups. Indeed, many Valentines in the late 1800s were intended as jokes, and the sending of humorous cards was a fad for many years. Victorian Valentines Could Be Works of Art The legendary British illustrator of children’s books  Kate Greenaway designed Valentines in the late 1800s which were enormously popular. Her Valentine designs sold so well for the card publisher, Marcus Ward, that she was encouraged to design cards for other holidays. Some of Greenaway’s illustrations for Valentine cards were collected in a book published in 1876, ​Quiver of Love: A Collection of Valentines. By some accounts, the practice of sending Valentine cards fell off in the late 1800s, and only revived in the 1920s. But the holiday as we know it today firmly has its roots in the 1800s.

The Exponential Boom Of Technology - 1473 Words

Sai Kothapalli Professor Cynthia Pastrana English 301 B 8 June 2015 OFFSHORE EDUCATION The exponential boom of technology in 21st century is shaping societies to befit globalization. The quest for technological evolution is making globalization essential, connecting every part of the globe. The Multinational companies, International tourism overseas education are all a few outcomes of globalization. Being an international student I robustly appreciate the idea of studying overseas since it is a platform for international students to learn about different cultures, languages, lifestyles, social cues, traditions and religions. The economic disparities among nations shrinks owing to offshore education. It also assists in acquiring a mind-expanding exposure making overseas education a boon for students career. According to the article International Education in USA, from Wikipedia, there are students from as many as 76 countries studying in colleges and universities across the USA. This article highlights that in the academic year 2013-14 alone nearly 750,000 Chinese and 400,000 Indians have applied for admissions in USA. It also points out the fact that there is a sharp rise in number of international students because of undergraduates and graduates from almost all developing countries. I with Asian ethnicity travelled halfway across the globe to reach my university and gain a life changing experience for good. Equivalently all internationalShow MoreRelatedWorld War II : The Rise Of Communism1088 Words   |  5 PagesPearl Harbor. The bombing of Pearl Harbor was sent by Japan. As a result, the United States declared war on Japan and World War II started. After the war, the impact continued. After World War II, the Cold War began; which was a start to a race in technology, space, and power. The Cold War lasted several decades and was a reaction to World War II. Before the United States became involucrated in World War II, the U.S. had an idea of isolationism. The president at the time in 1941 was Franklin D. RooseveltRead MoreTaking a Look at Resource Utilization1166 Words   |  5 Pagestechnological evolutions providing substitutes for presently declining resources, and improved efficiencies in resource extraction, manufacturing and other processes will continually provide solutions to emergent issues. Furthermore, as it is believed that technology will continue to evolve and provide solutions to satisfy the needs of the human species, the environment therefore imposes no real limits to growth. Cornucopians such as Sir John Maddox argue that resource depletion is an unfounded issue as classicRead MoreDigital Transformation : High Tech Or Human Touch?1239 Words   |  5 PagesDigg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Henry Alzamora There is a fact that is quite understood and realized among leaders in the majority of the main industries around the world and this is: How the digital technology is disrupting all the models we know so far. Digitalization happens to be at the moment the main source of tremendous transformations in different aspects of our lives. Digitalization is the new connectivity for citizens, policy makers, societiesRead MoreSpace Exploration Is The Solution For All Of Our Problems1289 Words   |  6 Pagesimpossible† they said, â€Å"We have bigger problems† they said, and we rightly ignored them. Technological growth has been exponential since that day when Neil Armstrong proudly stood on that eternal companion in the sky and stared down on existence. Apollo 11’s Guidance Computer had a 1 MHz processor, and around 4kb of memory. My iPhone? 1.3 GHz and 64GB of memory. With today’s technology a colony on the Moon or even Mars is within our grasp. It’s human nature to want to explore, that’s why we had pioneersRead MoreU.s. Federal And State Governments1247 Words   |  5 Pagesself-sufficient in energy from natural gas, which reduces overall greenhouse-gas emissions, improves the economy and national security, and gives the U.S. time to develop viable, alternative energy sources. Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, has enabled a boom in U.S. production of natural gas. In 2001, the National Research Council reported that the U.S. energy industry had extracted around 70 billion cubic feet of natural gas from shale formations in the mid-1970s. Furthermore, the council projected theRead MoreThe Role Of Genomics And Proteomics Fields1338 Words   |  6 Pagesworld, they aimed to provide a complete understanding of the human genome and proteomics, the study of proteins. Recently, there has been an influx of new technologies allowing studies of thousands of genes, single nucleotide polymorphisms, RNAs, and proteins. This flood of information will keep an exponential growth that will produce massive booms in the field over the next decade. Every pattern and every mutation will continue revolutionizing the field of medical diagnostics, building a powerful arsenalRead More Agriculture and Population Growth Essay846 Words   |  4 Pagespeople on Earth who are living l onger lives. The global population boom has coincided with the improvement of health, and of productivity, around the world. On average, the human population today lives longer, eats better, produces more, and consumes more than at any other time period in the past (Eberstadt, 1995). Agriculture feeds people, but will it be able to feed the expanding global population, especially with its exponential increase? One way for the population of today and tomorrow to liveRead MoreThe Cold War And The Collapse Of The Soviet Union987 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II, the United States economy experienced a postwar economic boom that provided a period of economic prosperity, however this did not hold true for the Soviet Union. Instead, the Soviet Union suffered from economic stagnation which severely hurt their economy and capabilities as a nation. The external factor of economic growth allowed the United States to drastically increase its military and space spending. This exponential increase in spending by the United States proved to put a massive strainRead MoreThe Internet of Tomorrow Essay1577 Words   |  7 Pagesboth amazing new possibilities, but also a slew of problems including both ethical dilemmas and security risks. Since the technological boom of around the year 2000, people have been exposed to computers on an almost daily basis. Along with this boom came an evolution of the web, dubbed Web 2.0. This evolution brought numerous amounts of new technologies and views on how the Internet should operate. Since then, the web has become more user-friendly, allowing even computer-illiterate people toRead MoreThe Economic Globalization Of The United States1102 Words   |  5 PagesThe economic globalization of any given county is the increase of economic integration of the nation in the world’s economy and is the result of cross-border movement of goods, services, technologies and capital. Economic globalization has been seen to help developing countries arrive at a more stable and stronger economic because of its positive effects on crucial issues such as GDP, and their trade as well as their special interactions with different countries, such as the joining of the European

Control Air Pollution Act Around the World Essay Sample free essay sample

In my research paper. I will be speaking about air pollution around the universe and what needs to be done about it. Peoples need to be more cognizant of air pollution around the universe. Peoples need to command what is being used in the universe. like cars that puts out fume. or the mills that pollutes the air. The authorities needs to hold people be more cognizant of the control pollution act and abide by the Torahs. Once all the people are cognizant about the control pollution act. the universe would be taking control of their actions and stay the Torahs. The air pollution causes a batch of harm around the universe. People breathe in the air pollution into their lungs. The air pollution lingers around the ambiance. Harmonizing to U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( updated 2012 ) â€Å"The air pollution can do harm trees. harvests. other workss. lakes and animate beings. In add-on to damaging the natural environment. air pollution besides amendss edifices. memorials and statues. † People around the universe demand to state it’s clip to make something about it. The article about air pollution ( 1998 ) stated â€Å"Air pollution foremost became a seeable job in United States after the civil war. when northern metropoliss. swollen by demographic and industrial growing. began sing relentless fume chills. † When the air pollution is in the air. the living things like the workss. it absorbs the air pollution into the tegument cells and it can damage the life tissue and the growing. For the Animals. it can do them ill and/or kill them. The air pollution can do the lakes to look awful and dirty. It can kill the animals that live in the H2O and when people go swimming. it can do them vomit every bit good. In the United States the population was turning and more mills were being built for occupations. and more autos. With all the autos that are being driven around the universe. the exhausts that it puts out helps do the air being polluted. While the people ignore the jobs about the air pollution in this universe. everything in this universe i s acquiring ill and/or deceasing from the air pollution. It’s easy for people around the universe to bury about the air pollution and what causes it. But if they became cognizant of the job and how to take attention of what is doing the air pollution. we might be able to hold it under control. The air quality should be of import around the universe. If people took the clip to see what causes air pollution and what they can make to halt the pollution. it would assist command the air pollution. Harmonizing to the Air Pollution ( Henderson D. E 2013 ) . â€Å"When people breathe in contaminated air. the drosss can annoy their air transitions and their lungs. † Peoples should be more careful with all the chemicals and other air pollutants for that ground. In the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( updated 2012 ) â€Å"The Clean Air Act ( CAA ) is the comprehensive federal jurisprudence that regulates air emanations from stationary and nomadic beginnings. This jurisprudence authorizes EPA to set up National Ambient Air Quality Standards ( NAAQS ) to protect public wellness and public public assistance and to modulate emanations of risky air pollutants. † While people are utilizing all these different sorts of air pollutants. they are take a breathing it into t heir lungs. every bit good as the other people around them and around the universe because the air pollutants travel through the air. They should see seeking utilizing something that is safe for the environment. Peoples should besides larn about the Clean Air Act. so they can understand why it’s of import about the clean air and why to avoid the air pollution. Accidental pollution is derived from forest fires. industry escape and blasts. or crude oil conveyance truck accidents. Industrial air pollution comes from thermic power workss ; industries of nutrient. pesticides. chemical fertilisers. and pharmaceuticals ; other industries or steep. paper. sugar. cement. crude oil. fabric and fabric related industries ; and atomic units. Peoples to this twenty-four hours avoid the Torahs and ordinances about Control Air Pollution Act and the Clean Air Act. If the authorities would take the clip. to state the people. that if they don’t abide by the Torahs and ordinances. they would confront a major all right and/or gaol clip. It might force people into gear and taking the clip to seek to larn everything they ca n about the Torahs and ordinances. As of today. people around the universe are poisoning the air that we breathe. We need to do better emanations. biodegradable merchandises that are risky free for the air. If people in the authorities offices would acquire together and work on a manner to do biodegradable merchandises that causes the air pollution. we might hold a opportunity to salvage some lives and have an air pollution free universe. Out-door air pollution comes from a big figure of beginnings. such as traffic. which in the urban environment is the prevailing beginning. warming. long-distance conveyance and industrial procedure. In the article Clean Air Act ( 2013 ) it says. â€Å"Clean Air Act is a U. S. jurisprudence that seeks to command air pollution. The jurisprudence. and its amendments. modulate the wastes produced by industrial procedures. by the combustion of fuel. and by other beginnings. † The act was passed sometime in early 1960’s. If the cars were covered when the original act had passed the universe would hold air pollution jobs from cars. All the fuel manufacturers were required to developed air qualities criterions. The nurseries affect our air excessively. with the gases that it produces. It produces all kinds of mundane activities. for case: it produce electricity. warming and for driving about. While the nursery gas goes to the ambiance. air moves it around the universe. and so t he gases become globally assorted. The emanation around the universe becomes a job. Some of the gases stay in the ambiance for merely a short clip but some will remain and impact the clime for many old ages. The nursery consequence will ensue in higher mean temperatures and increase the energy in climate systems. More frequent storms with heavy rainfall can be expected. which may hold indirect wellness effects in the signifier of hurts caused by falling trees and implosion therapy. Harmonizing to Life of Earth ( n. vitamin D ) it says. â€Å"There are several chief causes of air pollution. One of the chief causes of air pollution is fabricating. The 2nd chief cause is the combustion of fossil fuels. The exposure to air pollution affects human wellness. including pneumonic. cardiac. vascular. and neurological damages. † There are so many types of air pollutants that contaminate the air. It includes the olfactory property that comes from worlds. animate beings. coffin nails and the spray cans. The chemical exhausts from methanal and benzine. which it seeps from furniture and/or cleansing supplies. There are so many types of air pollutants that contaminate the air. It includes the ol factory property that comes from worlds. animate beings. coffin nails and the spay tins. The chemical exhausts from furniture and/or cleansing merchandises. In the article Clean Air Act ( 2013 ) it says. â€Å"Clean Air Act is a U. S. jurisprudence that seeks to command air pollution. The jurisprudence. and its amendments. modulate the wastes produced by industrial procedures. by the combustion of fuel. and by other beginnings. † The act was passed in 1963. If the cars were covered when the original act had passed the universe wouldn’t have air pollution jobs from cars. All the fuel manufacturers were required to developed air quality criterions. A cardinal measure in the policy-making procedure is to specify the job to be remedied. If we can non understand the job. how are we to cognize what needs to be fixed. Unfortunately. implementing policies on air pollution has the politically unwanted consequence of holding extended economic effects on all sectors of the economic system. Air pollution can be controlled around the universe by educating the people abo ut the Control Pollution Act and the Clean Air Act ; it would assist them be more cognizant about the Torahs. All the people around the universe can assist command the air pollution once they understand what is doing it. If people take the first measure to desiring to take control of what they are take a breathing in. they would assist maintain it under control every bit good. Mention Air Pollution ( 1998 ) . In Encyclopedia of Urban America: The Cities and Suburbs. Retrieved hypertext transfer protocol: //www. credoreference. com. proxylibrary. ashford. edu/entry/abcurban/air_pollution Clean Air Act. ( 2013 ) . In Academic World Book. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. worldbookonline. com/academic/article? id=ar751671 A ; st=air+pollution Foster. J ( 2012 ) . Alabama Review. Volume 65. Number 1 ( pp. 40 – 59 ) Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //muse. jhu. edu. proxy-library. ashford. edu/resultsHenderson. D. E. ( 2013 ) . Air pollution. In Academic World Book. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. worldbookonline. com/academic/article? id=ar009160 A ; st=control+pollution Jackson. Lisa P. ( Administrator ) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on January 26. 2013 from World Wide Web. Environmental Protection Agency. gov/air/airpollutants. hypertext markup language Jackson. Lisa P. ( Administrator ) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved on February 2. 2013 from World Wide Web. Environmental Protection Agency. gov/lawsregs/caa. hypertext markup languageKudesia. V. P. ( 2008 ) Air Pollution. Retrieved on January 26. 2013 from eBrary